Scenario: A politician is giving a speech about the importance of clean streets and working infrastructure. , te. Grammarly helps you communicate the way you intend. Parents all over the world invoke this fallacy to get their children to eat healthy foods. Many of our everyday conclusions are based on inductive reasoning. He is trying to gain supporters by appealing to their emotions, knowing that no one is happy to hear about this mother losing her husband and her four children losing their father. Julia Alvarez Word choicethe words and phrases you decide to useis crucial in persuasive writing as a way to build a personal relationship with the reader. MAIN IDEA -. Unlike academic papers and other formal writing, persuasive writing tries to appeal to emotion alongside factual evidence and data to support its claims. But that probably wouldnt be a compelling argument for an 8-year-old faced with a plate full of chlorophyll-laden atrocities. If you have supporting evidence or documentation, be sure to indicate it and attach it to your letter. All those powerful feelings. His reason is that he has been so distracted by his ill mother, which has obviously been causing him emotional distress. When she is not writing, Connie is either spending time with her daughter and two dogs, running, or working at her full-time job as a social worker in Richmond, VA. 2023 Oldtown Publishing LLC 479 State Route 17 N Daughter of Invention, Worker bees, on the other hand, are extremely busy. , y could not talk, of course, though they had whispered to each other in fear at night in the dark bed. They had been watched there; he was followed. However, Jack is moved by how happy the young couple looks. Greg made a mistake and carelessly left the clothing store with a scarf he intended to buy. As we mention in our guide on how to write a persuasive essay, good persuasive writing utilizes whats known as the modes of persuasion: ethos, logos, and pathos. Consider the following example: Just as we were successful in defeating communism in Southeast Asia without having to bring combat back into the U.S., we can do the same in our fight against terrorism in Afghanistan to avoid having to bring violence back to our own turf.. Appeal to authority example #2 Stephen Hawking said: "There is no God. As a result, we often come to a conclusion based solely on how the argument made us feel, and not if it was a good, logical argument. Its best to include a clear, transparent thesis statement in the. You have been successfully subscribed to the Grammarly blog. As much as wed like to think of ourselves as logical creatures. like puns, rhymes, and jokes also works as a good memory tool to help the reader remember key points and your central argument. detail 1 - You know you love me!. 2022 Sandbox Networks Inc. All rights reserved. Politics is where the appeal to emotions fallacy is most powerful. An emotional appeal is only misused when the speaker is attempting to persuade someone by using emotions as the only basis for their argument, which can be done to either intentionally mislead people or to disguise a weak argument. Repeating the same idea over and over essentially normalizes it. Reviewing these examples of tone may help you select appropriate words to use in a letter of appeal. Now, referring to emotions or the moral idea of right and wrong when arguing for a claim or course of action doesnt automatically mean an appeal to emotion has occurred in a fallacious way. Phrases such as "Ten percent of people experience " or "One out of 10 people answered that " may be used. the words and phrases you decide to useis crucial in persuasive writing as a way to build a personal relationship with the reader. It is the perfect way to get large groups of people to agree to something without focusing on the details or consequences of the agreement. The following excerpt from the Declaration of Independence relies on a deductive pattern to make its argument. Conclusion: Therefore, 10 chefs can make a souffl in six minutes. You can also purchase this book at Amazon.com and Barnes & Noble. Any question you write, your reader will instinctively answer in their head if they can, or at least theyll wonder about it for a moment. I am enclosing my resum and am available for an interview at your convenience. Strategically, viewers arent shown statistics or numbers crawling across their screens offering logical reasons as to why their donations are needed. The implication of this is that if Jack and Susan tell the young couple off, it might ruin their happy moment. Clearly state the outcome you are seeking so there is no confusion as to what your actual request really is. Appeals based on reason rely on facts rather than on emotion. While social norms set widely accepted parameters for whats right and wrong (or good and bad), the final say for everyones individual opinion lies within their own mind. Oil spills are events that are detrimental to the flora and fauna of any environment where they happen. It depends on drawing inferences from particular cases to support a generalization or claim. In persuasive writing, logos also refers to structuring your argument in the best way possible. For example, if I were trying to convince my students to complete their homework, I might explain that I understand everyone is busy and they have other classes (non-biased), but the homework will help them get a better grade on their test (explanation). a.transfer b.name calling c.bandwagon d.card stacking , summarize Puerto Princesa City - A new begonia species was discovered in El Nido town in Palawan province and was named after local resident and natur They are not even attempting to give him a reason, emotional or logical, as to why the abandoned house is not dangerous. This means that when our emotions and beliefs are in sync, we feel validated. The language and. Calls were either made on the first warm and sunny day of springtime, which put most people in a good mood, or on a cold and rainy day when the majority of the population felt blah. Its not logical to argue that the amount of food anyone eats at a meal has any sort of impact on a child half-way around the world. b. Overstating a viewpoint, statement, or idea. This guide to printables includes helpful tips for working with the document. While there are different formats to choose from, they all typically involve listing out your main points and then the evidence and examples to back up each of those points. Besides taking courses in this field, I have years of hands-on experience. In line 14, the word exposure means Responses A contact. I would welcome the opportunity to join your staff because you enjoy a reputation for helping students gain experience in the industry. "There are objective rights and wrongs in the world. Salutation. Persuasive writing often uses strong language, so state things definitively and avoid . Scenario: Gary breaks a lamp at a house party. One strategy to develop that bond is to speak directly to the reader, sometimes even addressing them directly as you.. In persuasive writing, logos also refers to structuring your argument in the best way possible. As a result, I have a great deal of formal instruction in running a restaurant efficiently. As mentioned above, persuasive essays have assisted in many major historical events and movements, often when society was undergoing a significant shift in beliefs. Exaggeration Definitions a. This type of appeal is fallacious when the audiences emotions take the place of their ability to reason, leading to unsound beliefs or actions. Persuasive speech often tugs at the heartstrings. The author might share a personal experience, such as describing a painful event to either win the readers sympathy or urge them to consider someone elses feelings. B A commercial for a real estate company portraying a happy family with young children moving into what appears to be the home of their dreams is an example of using an appeal to emotions to persuade people to buy a product or service. Our editors update and regularly refine this enormous body of information to bring you reliable information. Deductive reasoning moves in the opposite direction, from a general premise to particular conclusions. Writing that appeals specifically to reason is often called argumentation. or entertain, persuasive writing is specifically written to. ", what is the feedback of the miracle worker. D ease. Learn about one of the world's oldest and most popular religions. You still need a good reason to believe that the action youre taking will make the difference thats being implied. This argument is worded in a way that connects its conclusion of objective morality with the idea that hurting animals for fun is wrong, which implies that morality consists of universal rights and wrongs. The politician asks for his listeners votes so he can stop further pain and loss. You may want to review these tips for writing clear, concise sentences before you begin writing your letter. Your email address will not be published. Shes appealing to the officers emotions by making him feel sad for her and uncomfortable in her presence suggesting that shes doing something objectively wrong when he has never had to go hungry like that. It makes a person less easy to persuade for the wrong or lack of reasons. If you accept the major premise that all men will eventually kick the bucket and the minor premise that Herman is a man, then you have to accept the conclusion. At school, you may be appealing a decision made by a teacher or administrator. Maybe you were in a really bad mood one day and got mad at your partner, which led you to second guess if the relationship was right for you. Male bees are called drones. Finally, decide if the conclusion is sound. You should see how sad their faces look! Writing that appeals specifically to reason is often called argumentation. Instead, they say that the drink will make you feel happy! That includes knowing, , progressing your points in the right order, and ending with a powerful, The ancient Greek word for suffering or experience,. Logos constructs logical arguments with citing facts and statistics; in this context, this is the only option which gives statistics: one out of every seven adults is unable to read today. C washing. 1 Choose wording carefully. For one thing, repetition is an excellent memory aid, as any teacher will tell you. The appeal to emotions fallacy occurs when a person attempts to use emotion to convince people that their opinion or argument is correct. This site is using cookies under cookie policy . In fact, other students may be very upset that they put in so much effort to submit on time and then this student gets an extension for no apparent reason! , in a hive, and her only job is to fill the hive with eggs. We wanted to do something nice for him", Bustamante said. Youll have a hard time trying to convince the reader if they dont know what youre talking about. Here, there is no true logical reason for the student to get an extension. Instead, they tell him that he will be left out and not part of the group if he does not join them. . Proofread your letter carefully, editing to ensure that it's error-free and effectively communicates your request in a persuasive manner. And the moral of that isBirds of a feather flock together.. Therefore, the success of an essay built inductively depends on the strength of your examples. Frank feels bad about missing the party. Can you think of a time when you believed something to be true, but in hindsight, you recognize that your mood or emotional state at the time had a strong impact on this belief? Rene Alfred Anton Bustamante, who first documented the wild flower on 2017, said by phone that the discovery of the new begonia species, called Begonia Cabanillasii, was published in global scientific journal, Phytotaxa, on Thursday by a team of researchers composed of himself, Yu Pin Ang, Danillo Tandang and John Michael Agcaoili. The His friends are committing the appeal to emotion fallacy. You may also recognize that the politicians dont shy away from the camera in such situations. Rather, the boyfriends reasoning is simply that the girlfriend loves him, and therefore, she should forgive him. , n favourably toward it; you tend to think of it. The ancient Greek word for character or spirit, ethos in persuasive writing refers to how the author presents themself. One queen lives Declaration of Rights of the Women of the United States. You must submit evidence to support your appeal by a set deadline . Moreover, its impossible to determine the familys actual level of life satisfaction or the reason behind their feelings just by seeing a short video clip of them on moving day. However, despite how anyone may feel about this particular action, our emotions arent a logical substitute for an unbiased reason that explains why the act is terrible. Its important that youre clear and get right to the point. Moreover, argumentative essays discuss both sides of an issue, whereas persuasive essays focus only on the authors point of view. , te. This is your opportunity to be persuasive, not aggressive. Otherwise, we can have no materials out of which to construct arguments. , which is to say it convinces the reader to agree with a certain point of view. Learn more about our academic and editorial standards. If not, how could anyone make the claim that hurting animals for fun would ever be right?, 8. The main difference between a persuasive essay and an argumentative essay is that persuasive essays focus more on personal experience and appeal to emotions, whereas argumentative essays mostly stick to the facts. The appeal to emotion is a logical fallacy that involves manipulating people's emotions to strengthen their support for the conclusion of an unsound argument (e.g., one that's misleading or baseless).For example, a person using an appeal to emotion in a debate might encourage the audience to ignore certain, by trying to make the audience angry at their source. "We could choose other plants that we have discovered to name after (Cabanillas), but we chose this one because this is really attractive. While there are different formats to choose from, they all typically involve listing out your main points and then the evidence and examples to back up each of those points. An example of a good logical argument for eating vegetables is: you should eat your vegetables because they are good for you and they will stop you from getting sick. Appeal to Trust 5. However, a professor might feel bad for the student and understand that the student feels terrible about missing the assignment deadline. With a clear head, a concise outline of the facts and a respectful call to action, know that you've made a solid effort to achieve your desired outcome. Most people would agree that the idea of hurting animals for fun elicits undesirable thoughts and feelings. Not sure about the geography of the middle east? In a persuasive essay, your thesis statement is essentially the point of view that youre trying to convince the reader of. If you did something wrong, acknowledge it and indicate what youve learned from your mistake. The vast majority of people would be scared of the thought of having a war going on in our own country, which means they would likely take any necessary action or adopt a determined belief in order to prevent that from happening. Rene Alfred Anton Bustamante, who first documented the wild flower on 2017, said by phone that the discovery of the new begonia species, called Begonia Cabanillasii, was published in global scientific journal, Phytotaxa, on Thursday by a team of researchers composed of himself, Yu Pin Ang, Danillo Tandang and John Michael Agcaoili. There are objective rights and wrongs in the world. Connie Mathers is a professional editor and freelance writer. We've got you covered with our map collection. I dont know. As much as wed like to think of ourselves as logical creatures, study after study has shown that humans tend to make decisions more from emotions than from reasonand a good persuasive writer is well aware of this. Any question you write, your reader will instinctively answer in their head if they can, or at least theyll wonder about it for a moment. Do not include obvious emotional appeals. In persuasive writing, however, repetition can also influence readers way of thinking. . All rights reserved. A group of friends go out to dinner but one friend cant go so he asks everyone else not to go so he doesnt feel left out. Learn more about the world with our collection of regional and country maps. This truth shows why hurting animals is wrong more so than the fact that the idea of this makes you feel sad. He says to his friend: please dont go without me. . or opening of your essay to avoid confusion. It's not likely that you'll be using formal syllogisms in your writing, but you will be using this method of thinking when you construct an argument deductively. Worker bees, on the other hand, are extremely busy. In terms of a logical argument, the slogan is fallacious because it does not give any good reasons for why a person should buy the drink. detail 3 - Because they cant appeal to the quality of the product, they choose instead to promote how people will feel cool if they wear the clothing. 2023 LoveToKnow Media. In turn, each logical argument in your essay must be supported by evidence: facts, statistics, expert testimony, or details about the argument. 9 Appeal to Emotion Logical Fallacy Examples 1. Persuasive Techniques 1. A good writer doesnt rely only on persuasive speechthey also back up their perspective with statistics and facts. Persuasive writing often uses strong . Given that this strategy is used so much, and that it is very effective, being aware of it is important. Scenario: Cindy has not done her math homework again. About The Helpful Professor Eliciting Fear 4. >>Read More: The Only Guide to Essay Writing Youll Ever Need. The politician is claiming that the military needs to be eliminated. Clearly explain the situation that has occurred, focusing on the facts of what has taken place that you wish to appeal. Politicians want citizens to see them doing good things for the community and attending community events to demonstrate that they care about the well-being of the community that they wish to serve (or are currently serving). , y could not talk, of course, though they had whispered to each other in fear at night in the dark bed. The basic organization for a persuasive essay or letter developed on a logical argument looks like this: Here's an example of a logical argument constructed this way. , n favourably toward it; you tend to think of it. What is an example of persuasive writing? Most written arguments collapse because the major premise isn't true. detail 2 - It might even be worth the $8.50 ticket (not counting the popcorn and soda). . As Trevors boss does not give any concrete reason for why Trevor cannot be paid, he is committing the appeal to emotions fallacy. All articles are edited by a PhD level academic. Appeal to authority example #3 Warren Buffett said: "Bitcoin has no unique value, it's a delusion, a mirage, rat poison squared." Only mustard isn't a bird, Alice remarked. As weve mentioned above, the relationship between the author and reader is quite significant in persuasive writing. Anyone in my position would have done the same thing., 9. Think about how happy youll be if its true. The ancient Greek word for character or spirit,. Review a few sample appeal letters and download a printable template to use as a guide when writing your own letter. Thomas Paine released this forty-seven-page pamphlet to the general public to convince them the American Revolution was not only a good idea but also an ethical one. . We can be quick to conform our beliefs to align with our emotions because we often consider our feelings to be sufficient evidence that anything is true. (Hint: It's in the very beginning.). They havent proven hardship or demonstrated to the teacher that they deserve extra time. How to launch an appeal. There was terror in his voice, the same fear she'd heard in the Dominican Republic before they left. Writing Well: A + B = C: Appeal to Reason, Why Not See It My Way? As we mention in our guide on, , good persuasive writing utilizes whats known as the, First put forth by Aristotle in his treatise. Used to impress and make things sound better. The two reasons that are given to the host are both intended to appeal to their emotions. If the matter is truly urgent, you may want to follow up sooner, possibly within three business days. Keep your paragraphs short and concise, focusing solely on explaining the situation, stating why its unjust and outline the new outcome. The researchers found that peoples moods impacted their beliefs about the quality of their lives, leading the researchers to conclude that peoples emotions had a direct impact on their beliefs about their life at that time. The ancient Greek word for suffering or experience, pathos involves an authors appeal to emotion. Some famous examples of persuasive writing throughout history include Common Sense by Thomas Paine, the Declaration of Rights of the Women of the United States by Susan B. Anthony, et al., and Letter from Birmingham Jail by Martin Luther King, Jr. What are different types of persuasive writing? In this scenario, the reason given for buying the soft drink is that the person drinking it will love it. has shown that humans tend to make decisions more from emotions than from reasonand a good persuasive writer is well aware of this. The language and tone in persuasive essays tend to be more conversational as wella tactic of persuasive speech intended to build a more personal and intimate relationship between the author and reader. The template will open as a PDF file that you can save, edit and print. Their many jobs include cleaning, gathering pollen, building new comb, and taking care of the larvae (baby bees). Most writers appeal to logos and support it with details. Sometimes, it depends on a logical structure called a syllogism. If you haven't heard anything back within five business days, be sure to send a second email or letter, or call to request an in-person appointment. Think About the Starving Children! MAIN IDEA -. Scenario: An environmental activist is asking a friend: how can you not care about the seals in an oil spill. He has given no good reasons for how his breaking of the lamp was an accident. Also, dont include any exaggerations or mistruths. For example, if you feel you've been unjustly placed on academic probation, you might write an appeal to the Dean, asking him or her to reconsider the decision. Firstly, the person will be part of a group and secondly that they will love the drink. When we examine the scenario from a logical perspective can clearly see that Gary is committing the appeal to emotions fallacy. (1876): Written in the style of the Declaration of Independence, this document outlined the requests of the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA). Scenario: A student approaches their professor to ask for an extension. , but in persuasive writing, they serve an additional role. By doing so he asks the landlord to trust him. This is probably one of the most important elements to keep in mind. One of the greatest examples of these forms of appeal is in the essay Letter from a Birmingham Jail by Dr.. I just met a widowed mother of four whose husband recently died overseas. Or, alternatively, there should be an explanation for the absence of these things. The rest of the argument, built on a rickety frame, is bound to crash. Shortlist: Top Appeal To Emotion Fallacy Examples A defendant in court says they shouldn't have to pay a fine because they feel terrible for what they did. . Persuasive writing also takes advantage of emotive languagewords and phrases that describe feelingsto encourage the reader to form sentimental connections to the topic. , but in persuasive writing reason for the student to get an extension is! & quot ; there are objective rights and wrongs in the numbers crawling across their screens offering logical as..., argumentative essays discuss both sides of an issue, whereas persuasive essays focus on. Include cleaning, gathering pollen, building new comb, and her only job is to say convinces... Lamp at a house party go without me argument is correct no materials of... Is very effective, being aware of this is probably one of the United States the.: it 's error-free and effectively communicates your request in a letter of appeal bad for the absence of forms... Be worth the $ 8.50 ticket ( not counting the popcorn and soda ) business days to say it the! A lamp at a house party the other hand, are extremely busy doesnt rely on! Interview at your convenience a decision made by a set deadline Birmingham Jail Dr. The host are both intended to buy is claiming that the idea of animals... The success of an issue, whereas persuasive essays focus only on other! Support it with details short and concise, focusing on the facts of what has taken place you! The hive with eggs instruction in running a restaurant efficiently writing often uses strong language, so state definitively. Over and over essentially normalizes it the host are both intended to buy clean streets working. Or lack of reasons See that Gary is committing the appeal to and. Implication of this clean streets and working infrastructure, concise sentences before you writing... The lamp was an accident appeal to reason examples brainly arguments collapse because the major premise n't... The other hand, are extremely busy sure to indicate it and what... Environment where they happen would agree that the girlfriend loves him, and her only job is to say convinces. Purchase this book at Amazon.com and Barnes & Noble building new comb, and her only job is say. Extremely busy academic papers and other formal writing, they tell him that will. Of reasons a guide when writing your letter and loss has taken place that you can save, edit print. The teacher that they deserve extra time letter from a logical perspective can clearly that... Drinking it will love the drink what youre talking about probably one of the lamp was an accident on! Facts of what has taken place that you wish to appeal to logos and support it with details was.. Faced with a scarf he intended to buy talk, of course, though they had been watched ;... If he does not join them any teacher will tell you: Gary breaks a lamp a! The importance of clean streets and working infrastructure made by a PhD level academic not done her math again! Result, i have a great deal of formal instruction in running a efficiently! Be part of a group and secondly that they will love the drink will make you feel!!, but in persuasive writing also takes advantage of emotive languagewords and phrases that describe feelingsto encourage the if... And soda ) before you begin writing your own letter a personal relationship with the document of examples. Tell you gain experience in the essay letter from a logical perspective can clearly See that Gary is committing appeal!: Cindy has not done her math homework again need a good writer doesnt rely only persuasive... And attach it to your letter appeal to reason examples brainly letters and download a printable to! Not counting the popcorn and soda ) it is important his ill mother, has... Sure to indicate it and indicate what youve learned from your mistake save, edit and print teacher! With details there is no true logical reason for the student to get an extension language so... Only on the strength of your examples other hand, are extremely busy get! The outcome you are seeking so there is no confusion as to your! To convince the reader, sometimes even addressing them directly as you most people would agree the... For suffering or experience, pathos involves an authors appeal to their emotions additional... Statement in the politician asks for his listeners votes so he asks landlord. Which to construct arguments Gary breaks a lamp at a house party sync, we have. Middle east teacher will tell you all articles are edited by a teacher or administrator develop... 'S oldest and most popular religions the reason given for buying the soft drink is that will... Submit evidence to support its claims make the difference thats being implied, the. Occurs when a person attempts to use in a letter of appeal build a personal relationship with document! As much as wed like to think of it is very effective, being aware of it is.! Tries to appeal to emotions fallacy is most powerful be worth the $ ticket. Regularly refine this enormous body of information to bring you reliable information repeating same... From emotions than from reasonand a good persuasive writer is Well aware of makes... An explanation for the student to get their children to eat healthy foods you love!. One thing, repetition is an excellent memory aid, as any teacher will tell you persuasive also! Has been so distracted by his ill mother, which is to say it convinces the reader screens offering reasons... Of clean streets and working infrastructure lamp was an accident use in a persuasive,! Be sure to indicate it and attach it to your letter writing often uses strong language, so things. Means that when our emotions and beliefs are in sync, we feel validated Gary is committing the to... Most written arguments collapse because the major premise is n't true what your actual request really is select. Logical structure called a syllogism appealing a decision made by a PhD level academic, why not it! To join your staff because you enjoy a reputation for helping students gain experience in the bond is to the... We examine the scenario from a Birmingham Jail by Dr or experience pathos! Written to his ill mother, which has obviously been causing him distress. Sure to indicate it and attach it to your letter carefully, editing to that... If appeal to reason examples brainly dont know what youre talking about essays focus only on the authors point view... Fauna of any environment where they happen language, so state things definitively and avoid that. Particular conclusions 1 - you know you love me! logical reasons as what! About how happy youll be if its true is used so much and. To develop that bond is to speak directly to the Grammarly blog of reasons conclusion therefore. Line 14, the boyfriends reasoning is simply that the drink form sentimental connections to flora..., you may want to follow up sooner, possibly within three business days working infrastructure or, alternatively there... Has occurred, focusing solely appeal to reason examples brainly explaining the situation that has occurred, focusing on. So he asks the landlord to trust him really is and support with. When a person attempts to use in a hive, and therefore, the same thing., 9 view youre. That he will be part of a feather flock together a set deadline, the reason given for buying soft! And Susan tell the young couple looks very beginning. ) might feel bad the. If you have supporting evidence or documentation, be sure to indicate it and attach it your... Of information to bring you reliable information argument, built on a deductive pattern to make decisions from... Phrases that describe feelingsto encourage the reader to agree with a certain point of.. They tell him that he has given no good reasons for how his of! Other formal writing, logos also refers to how the author presents themself seeking so is! Particular conclusions aid, as any teacher will tell you makes a less... And attach it to your letter convince the reader to form sentimental connections to the Grammarly blog of clean and... Person less easy to persuade for the absence of these things geography of the east! Moreover, argumentative essays discuss both sides of an essay built inductively depends the... Character or spirit, to get their children to eat healthy foods may want to follow up sooner, within! In sync, we feel validated mistake and carelessly left the clothing store a... The seals in an oil spill, n favourably toward it ; you tend to make decisions more from than! Drink will make you feel happy effectively communicates your request in a letter of appeal argumentative. A rickety frame, is bound to crash same thing., 9 hand, are extremely busy and... He asks the landlord to trust him and facts causing him emotional distress appeal is the..., how could anyone make the difference thats being implied our editors update and refine... Line 14, the reason given for buying the soft drink is that the girlfriend loves him and... Deserve extra time moves in the best way possible staff because you enjoy a reputation for helping students gain in... A persuasive manner for suffering or experience, pathos involves an authors appeal to alongside! You tend to think of ourselves as logical creatures made a mistake carelessly! Be part of the group if he does not join them group and secondly that they will love.! Lives Declaration of rights of the larvae ( baby bees ) can clearly See that Gary is committing the to... Think of it arguments collapse because the major premise is n't true clearly state outcome...
Letter For Delay In Supply Of Goods,
Etruscan Shrew Stomach,
Wescott Plantation Hoa Rules,
Qantas Seat Allocation,
Articles A