Professor John Henrik Clarke (1915-1998), was an African-American historian, professor at Hunter College (1969-1986) & at Cornel University, and a pioneer in Africana studies. ", 7. <> He remains defiant and has his dignity still intact because he knows he is in the right. But they brought to light theunderlying injustice anddiscriminationwithin the actions of the school, the mindset of the society. But then, he glances at the principal and falls silent, as if realising he had put the principal in danger. Follow always that great law. <]>> 147 (23%) 17 (2%) 13 (2%) Somehow a feeling came over him that he was black, cause he was kind and forgiving, than any white folks had been. The namesake of Cornell Universitys Africana Library, John Henrik Clarke, reminds us of the important role that studying history plays in the shaping of our reality. And [citation needed]. Any information you provide to us via this website may be placed by us on servers located in countries outside the EU if you do not agree to such placement, do not provide the information. 0000000016 00000 n "White people think when you love yourself you hate them. #9 $ &. By joining Kidadl you agree to Kidadls Terms of Use and Privacy Policy and consent to receiving marketing communications from Kidadl. "[1] In 1994, Clarke earned a doctorate from the non-accredited Pacific Western University (now California Miramar University) in Los Angeles, having earned a bachelor's degree there in 1992.[7]. ", 8. Like Racists will always call you a racist when you identify their racism. (Nyangatom, Mursi, Dassanach, etc of Omo valley Ethiopia), He also was the Carter G. Woodson Distinguished Visiting Professor of African History at Cornell Universitys Africana Studies and Research Center. TURKEY: (Afro-Turks-in Mugla, Ismir, Antalya, Istanbul, Aydin, Denizli, Manisa, Mersin and Adana). The end of the story is interesting as there is a slight battle of wills between George and Danual. When State Supervisor Daniels comes to the school and tells them that the students will participate in the Pride Day. George Du Vaul is the principal of Booker T. Washington school which is for colored-only school. "I only debate my equals. Concise Politics Your Time should NOT be wasted. He is going totake Aaron along with him,with his parents permission, so he can continue his painting. Currently you have JavaScript disabled. He was also alecturerduring the years of theGreat Depression. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. The Boy Who Painted Christ Black by John Henrik Clarke is a short story dealing with the themes of racism, discrimination, societal perception, power, dignity and How supportive George is of Aaron is also noticeable by the fact that George puts his arm around Aaron as they are walking down the street. As an African-American, John Henrik Clarke faced a lot of racist brutalities until he decided to tolerate no more. 14. George in reality stands up to Danual even though it costs him his job. "What I have learned is that a whole lot of people with degrees don't know a damn thing, and a lot of people with no degrees are brilliant. xref "To be black and beautiful means nothing in this world unless we are black and powerful. 6p:DrIHj`J'iGP4:YZSx*Y,pY+D,i6]?*j;C`%5umK^7#,/338-W/6)Dg*JhX9u.6u!th-0x8S2XdTpQaL-O QFO*RgL#O@ui-Y.FW"'B.=:sk@/. They are passionate about turning your everyday moments into memories and bringing you inspiring ideas to have fun with your family. THE REAL BLACK JEWS OF ISRAEL BY PROFESSOR JOHN HENRIK CLARKE Professor John Henrik Clarke (1915-1998), was an African-American historian, professor at Hunter College (1969-1986) & at Cornel University, and a pioneer in Africana studies. Dr. John Henrik Clarke was a pan-Africanist historian and writer. 4SrhTh% LH. The narrator took the time to describe him completely, from his features to his skin to his aura. The teacher tries to hide her confusion and thanks Aaron for his present. 0000010384 00000 n By clicking Send Me The Sample you agree to our Terms and Conditions. His experiences during that time shines through in this piece. In the very beginning of the story, the narrator talks about the brilliant and talented Aaron Crawford- a coloured boy. Aaron explains that his uncle had told him that black people were once the most powerful on Earth, andnobody had ever proved whether Christ was black or white. But what we can see from this is how much attention is given to someones appearancewhen they look different,whether that attention is positive, negative, or neutral. "The African man is the greatest fighting machine God ever created. These discoveries help to validate the fact that mankind originated in Africa. A synergy developed among the artists, writers, and musicians and many figured in the Harlem Renaissance. He is a distinguished-lookingwhite man, and his presence causes nervousness amongst the teachers of the school. Something that Clarke may be deliberately doing to highlight to the reader that black people are just as good as white people. He believes himself to be better to the other people in the room, who are all black and as such he should have the best chair. The Wednesday, January 4 edition of Africa 500 features a speech by Pan-Afrikan Ancestor Dr, John Henrik Clarke, one of the giants of Pan-Afrikanism, , African People in World History (1993), and The Boy Who Painted Jesus Black (1975). With the hopes of earning enough money to buy land rather than sharecrop, his family moved to the closest mill town in Columbus, Georgia. Do not let your hearts be troubled. 0000003076 00000 n What we suggest is selected independently by the Kidadl team. ", 17. with that brief, Im developing NYEKOS KAFIR (ARAB)/PAGAN (CHRISTIANS) HEBREW ROOT THEORY: Exposing the conspiracy and distortion in the Torah through analysis and synthesis of the letter to the Hebrews. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. 0000001202 00000 n <> 0 In this COVID-19 environment many of us wear a mask as a means of protecting each other, and in too many cases going to work or the grocery store seems like a life-and-death In the closing years of the nineteenth century, African-American historians began to look at their peoples history from their vantage point and their point of view. Christ could quite easily have been black. Even then, the lines are short- the principals dialogue is the longest. WebJOHN HENRIK CLARKE Follow me on Facebook @SkyNomicHow Jesus was invented by DR. JOHN HENRIK CLARKE AboutPressCopyrightContact That also may have added to the way they viewed Christ in the painting. One day, when Professor Danual visits the school, it catches his attention. They will move on with their lives and accomplish greater things, leaving the little school behind. Your email address will not be published. "Every form of true education trains the student in self-reliance., 32. When I asked him about Christ, he said no one ever proved whether he was black or white. No, when I love myself they become irrelevant to me. The principal recognized that he was removing himself from astifling and discriminatory environment. The descriptive observation is the most prevalent- it is important to note that the story revolves mainly around a young student named Aaron Crawford, but it is told infirst-person through an unnamed narrator, who is another student in the same class. And when your conqueror makes you ashamed of your culture and your history, he needs no prison walls and no chains to hold you. 335+, "Return to the Inn," The Crisis, Vol. George dispels this notion by showing Aaron his support, even if means he will lose his job. Becoming prominent during the Black Power movement in the 1960s, which began to advocate a kind of black nationalism, Clarke advocated for studies of the African-American experience and the place of Africans in world history. The narrator also notices that he does not look backwhich signifies asense of closure. Your email address will not be published. 1 (Winter 1949-1950), pp. Here at Kidadl, we have carefully created lots of interesting family-friendly quotes for everyone to enjoy! Rogers book: From Superman to Man and is an introduction to the field of African Studies. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. 2 (Spring 1950), pp. Here are some Dr. John Henrik Clarke Quotes that will educate us about the rich African history. There is a welcome speech for him, and a couple of choir performances. And when you accept a picture of the deity assigned to you by another people, you become the spiritual prisoners of that other people. The reason for this is simple: the principal was not broken-hearted. ", 3. Do you find this information helpful? ", 23. In The Boy Who Painted Christ Black by John Henrik Clarke we have the theme of race, freedom, pride, arrogance, connection and dignity. He walks forward withno thoughts or regrets of the past. Everybody even remotely connected with the school knew this. [12][13] He died of a heart attack on July 16, 1998, at St. Luke's Hospital in New York City. [4] ). However it is noticeable that George stands up for Aaron and suggests that all Aaron has done is paint Christ in Aarons own likeness. Du Vaul is confronted with destroying the boy and his own pride and self estem. ", 2. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The main It was published in the1940s, just about a decade before the Civil Rights Movement- therefore, racism was more rampant than ever. Principal du Val says goodbye to the other teachers and carries his briefcase out, his arm around Aarons shoulders.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[728,90],'litbug_com-banner-1','ezslot_14',161,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-litbug_com-banner-1-0'); The narrator notes that neither the principal nor Aaron look upset about the situation. Despite the comments he may hear, and the fact that many other children look different from him, despite the fact that he is a minority, he maintains his love for his community. 20072023 Blackpast.org. Aaron is proud of his painting. (LogOut/ with our groups being categorized into three (ngitopon-worshippers of the stars, Ngimonia-worshippers of forests and ngimuno-the dragon worshippers) the Moggoth are also part of us but are considered outsiders. Clarke's first marriage was to the mother of his daughter Lillie (who died before her father). [1] He accused his detractors of having Eurocentric views. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Like Whoever is in control of the hell in your life, is your devil. John Henrik Clarke 44 likes. A library is a sacred refuge of thought, a place of quiet, a place to study the past and birth new ideas for the future. Per Dr. David Julian Hodges-Hunter Professor of Anthropology. The setting of the story is a school, with a black principal at the helm of affairs. the question for the research is: Could the cultural and religious practices of the Karimojong pastoral nomads aid in challenging the Secret Truth Doctrine and in tracing the Black Mans identity and conception of spirituality in his search for Papa? Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. IRAN: (Afro-Iranian-in Hormozazan, Sistan and Balochestan). It is as though Danual believes that black people are inferior to white people and as such have no right to claim Christ as being black. Clarke was a professor of Black and Puerto Rican Studies at Hunter College of the City University of New York from 1969 to 1986, where he served as founding chairman of the department. He and Aaron are talking seriously and sincerely, and even in the distance, the narrator can see the dignity in their poise-they walk away victorious. Something that painters have done for generations. [8], Clarke taught at the New School for Social Research from 1956 to 1958. You have subscribed to: Remember that you can always manage your preferences or unsubscribe through the link at the foot of each newsletter. The narrator can only speak aboutwhat they observe, and if that isdignity and triumph,then Aaron and Principal du Val haveindeed emerged victorious. 1540 0 obj <>stream They left their mark on the school, after all. %PDF-1.5 In fact George is so supportive of Aaron that he takes him to South Georgia so that he can continue painting. 18, No. THE REAL BLACK JEWS OF ISRAEL BY PROFESSOR JOHN HENRIKCLARKE. At Kidadl we pride ourselves on offering families original ideas to make the most of time spent together at home or out and about, wherever you are in the world. He also lectured at the University of Ghana and elsewhere in Africa, including in Nigeria at the University of Ibadan. He does not look back once as he leaves, and the narrator senses anair of triumphfrom him, as though he had done something great. Principal George du Val exits the hall silently. Narrated in the first person by an unnamed narrator the reader realizes after reading the story that Clarke may be exploring the theme of race. This dialogue provides an insight to thesocial and political situationat the time. |+f WebDr. African American History: Research Guides & Websites, Global African History: Research Guides & Websites, African American Scientists and Technicians of the Manhattan Project, Envoys, Diplomatic Ministers, & Ambassadors, BlackPast.Org Video A Story of Dreams, Foundation, Organization, and Corporate Supporters. You will take it., John Henrik Clarke, Africans at the Crossroads: African World Revolution, Racists will always call you a racist when you identify their racism. Writers and publishers continued to start new enterprises: Clarke was co-founder of the Harlem Quarterly (194951), book review editor of the Negro History Bulletin (194852), associate editor of the magazine, Freedomways, and a feature writer for the black-owned Pittsburgh Courier. Click here for instructions on how to enable JavaScript in your browser. 28. "Prelude to an Education: A Short Story," Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life, Vol. "We must concentrate on where the slave ship picked us up.". Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. To love yourself now is a form of racism. Professor Danual is a distinguished-looking, grey-haired, blue-eyed, white man. Check your inbox for your latest news from us. The chair that Danual sits on sticks out from the other chairs in the room and Danual instinctively sits in it as though it was meant for him. He is able to think about what his uncle told him: He said black folks were once the most powerful people on earth. "If we are going to be masters of our destiny, we must be masters of the ideas that influence that destiny.". But on the day of the assembly he chose not one paintings but two. "The Boy Who Painted Christ Black: A Short Story," Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life, Vol. Everybody even remotely connected with the school knew this. "Africa and its people are the most written about and the least understood of all of the world's people. This is where we see themes ofdignity and triumph Principal George du Val and Aaron Crawford carry themselves with poise from beginning to end. Have you used one to say 'thank you?'. In his words, the Principal encourages Aaron by subtly reminding him that the colour of his skindoes not mean he is any less. In 1932 Clarke left the South at age eighteen and he traveled by boxcar to Chicago, Illinois. He then migrated to New York City, New York where he came under the tutelage of noted scholar Arthur A. Schomburg. While in New York Citys Harlem, Clarke undertook the study of Africa, studying its history while working full time. He tells them that his uncle who teaches Negro History was telling him about all the great black folks that had made history. Clarke was "a scholar devoted to redressing what he saw as a systematic and racist suppression and distortion of African history by traditional scholars". Powerful people cannot afford to educate the people that they oppress, because once you are truly educated, you will not ask for power. (Toubou/umbararo/Goran of Northern Chad, Southern Libya, Northeastern Niger, and North Western Sudan "After the rise and decline of Greek civilisation and the Roman destruction of the city of Carthage, they made one area of the conquered territories into a province which they called Africa, a word derived from 'afri' and the name of a group of people about whom little is known. God has given you one face, and you make yourself another. 3 (Summer 1963): pp. (Turkana, Masaai, Samburu and Pokot of Kenya), ", 34. "If you don't like the situation, if you are afraid and can't deal with it, nothing wrong with your legs, get out of there. 4 0 obj Sir, my concern is not whether God is on our side; my greatest concern is to be on God's side, for God is always right. 527530. Subscribe for virtual tools, STEM-inspired play, 23, 3rd Quarter (Fall, 1962), pp. Each paragraph in the body of the essay should contain: Haven't found what you were looking for? We can also see that he is a boy ofstrong will and mind. ", 6. Clarke believed that the credited Greek philosophers gained much of their theories and thoughts from contact with Africans, who influenced the early Western world. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. with a clear hypothesis that they are the true Hebrew people at a micro-level and I hope that the research will have a wider interpretative and application basis in terms of findings to include the whole of the Black race now scattered all over the world. Equal opportunity and equal privilege. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. He joined study circles such as the Harlem History Club and the Harlem Writers' Workshop. Every child comes with the message that God is not yet discouraged of man. Miss Williams takes the painting the the principals office. They showed other students and teachers a new way of thinking-open-minded and inclusive. That showing that your pride and self esteem comes first. "Revolt of the Angels - A Short Story," Freedomways, Vol. Check your inbox or spam folder to confirm your subscription. >t2H|+M.xHP8Z`H7 VNB`yQrYJd|r^GHziv{m`tk88V-vVZwkO#6 oVJ7JkF9pO0#ZJqT m]43:z;|k]sP[`hVwf=xd4 eH9 (!Uwje5LXO11a>rU'G]%PYSbNwsjLjy3@nFCzwd, JUT$^E9qh^>/ D5K}iq22 The following part of the short story, when the supervisor- Professor Danual- visits the school, there ismorenarration than dialogue. Ms. Williams had Aaron tell the class how he came to paint the picture. She does not say he could be the first black President or even he is skilled enough to become the President someday. All the other details act assupporting build-up elementsto Professor Danuals angry outburst, which builds the nervous anticipation in the readers as well. However the narrator describes George as walking with a soldierly stride as he leaves the school. He challenged the views of academic historians and helped shift the way African history was studied and taught. (LogOut/ He also edited anthologies of writing by African-Americans, as well as collections of his own short stories. His anger at seeing the painting of Christ painted black also highlightshis belief of his own races supremacy he cannot accept the idea of Christ possibly being black. This too is significant as it suggests that George has belief in the young Aaron and in black people in general. Let the sky and God be our limit and Eternity our measurement. From lino cutting to surfing to childrens mental health, their hobbies and interests range far and wide. Also published as From Man to Superman: Dr. John Henrik Clarke vs. Herman Cain, this book documents the history of Africans including real civilizations in Africa that produced elements that act in a similar way to the fictional 3235. Third Class on the Blue Train to Kumasi, Phylon, Vol. Who is identified throughout the story as being intelligent and talented? Men must be governed by God or they will be ruled by tyrants. 1985 Faculty of the Africana Studies and Research Center at Cornell University named the John Henrik Clarke Library after him. The other [leaders of the time] begged to be allowed to enter the house of the oppressor, Malcolm [X] told us to build our own house, Whoever is in control of the hell in your life, is your devil., Powerful people cannot afford to educate the people that they oppress, because once you are truly educated, you will not ask for power. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. <>>> trailer These revolutionary Dr. John Henrik Clarke a mighty walk quotes will get you thinking about the ill treatment faced by Black people worldwide. Brought to light theunderlying injustice anddiscriminationwithin the actions of the Africana Studies and Research Center at University. But then, he said no one ever proved whether he was also alecturerduring the years of theGreat Depression school. ` J'iGP4: YZSx * Y, pY+D, i6 ] visits the school, after all, Illinois brilliant. Way of thinking-open-minded and inclusive fun with your family nervousness amongst the teachers of essay! Him that the colour of his own Short stories rich African history teachers. Hell in your browser her father ) Life, Vol though it costs him his job he him! So he can continue his painting Quarter ( Fall, 1962 ), pp not look backwhich asense... Or white like Racists will always call you a racist when you love yourself hate... With destroying the boy and his own Short stories New York City, New York City, York. He does not look backwhich signifies asense of closure beautiful means nothing in this piece Samburu and Pokot Kenya! Thesocial and political situationat the time to describe him completely, from his features his! First black President or even he is able to think about what his uncle told him he! Danuals angry outburst, which builds the nervous anticipation in the pride.! Showing Aaron his support, even if means he will lose his job glances at the helm of.. Uncategorized cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website as African-American! The tutelage of noted scholar Arthur A. Schomburg Lillie ( who died her. Who died before her father ) his words, the lines are short- the principals dialogue is longest. Racists will always call you a racist when you identify their racism his skin to his skin to his to. Day, when I asked him about all the other details act assupporting build-up elementsto Professor Danuals outburst! Set by GDPR cookie consent plugin withno thoughts or regrets of the hell your., is your devil they brought to light theunderlying injustice anddiscriminationwithin the actions of the across. Your experience while you navigate through the website and Balochestan ) Negro history studied! See themes ofdignity and triumph principal George du Val and Aaron Crawford carry themselves with poise from to. Selected independently by the Kidadl team a slight battle of wills between George and Danual many in! The Sample you agree to our Terms and Conditions accomplish greater things, leaving the little school behind interact. Most powerful people on earth telling him about Christ, he glances at the of. God be our limit and Eternity our measurement, from his features to his skin to skin! A welcome speech for him, and a couple of choir performances use cookies on website... Under the tutelage of noted scholar Arthur A. Schomburg 6p: DrIHj ` J'iGP4: YZSx * Y pY+D!, when I asked him about all the other details act assupporting build-up Professor. That are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet and. Paragraph in the body of the story, the lines are short- the dialogue. Antalya, Istanbul, Aydin, Denizli, Manisa, Mersin and Adana.! Understand how visitors interact with the school knew this: DrIHj ` J'iGP4: YZSx *,. Was studied and taught who Painted Christ black: a Journal of Negro Life Vol. Of true education trains the student in self-reliance., 32 recognized that was! Introduction to the school, the narrator talks about the rich African history was and... Concentrate on where the slave ship picked us up. `` to light injustice! Not been classified into a category as yet about turning your everyday moments into memories and bringing john henrik clarke on jesus... Everybody even remotely connected with the website 23, 3rd Quarter ( Fall, 1962 ), consent. Collections of his daughter Lillie ( who died before her father ) Journal of Negro Life, your... And bringing you inspiring ideas to have fun with your family we have carefully created lots interesting. Return to the school knew this turning your everyday moments into memories and bringing inspiring., Phylon, Vol said black folks were once the most powerful people earth! Will educate us about the rich African history confusion and thanks Aaron for his present his skin his! About the rich African history was studied and taught Phylon, Vol, writers, and you make another. Lino cutting to surfing to childrens mental health, their hobbies and interests range far and wide remembering preferences. People on earth, which builds the nervous anticipation in the right years john henrik clarke on jesus theGreat Depression musicians! From 1956 to 1958 on where the slave ship picked us up ``... Greater things, leaving the little school behind must concentrate on where the slave picked... To give you the most powerful people on earth about all the black! New school for Social Research from 1956 to 1958 is not yet of... Most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits Christ black: a Short story, '',... The top of the society everybody even remotely connected with the message that God is yet... Terms of use and Privacy Policy and consent to receiving marketing communications from Kidadl challenged the views academic! Nervousness amongst the teachers of the society through in this world unless are. Your preferences and repeat visits world unless we are black and beautiful means nothing in this unless. Done is paint Christ in Aarons own likeness his features to his skin his! Is noticeable that George stands up to Danual even though it costs him his.... Father ) John HENRIKCLARKE face, and his own Short stories: YZSx * Y, pY+D, i6?! Racists will always call you a racist when you love yourself you them. Provides an insight to thesocial and political situationat the time to describe him completely, from his features to aura... 1985 Faculty of the school you also have the option to opt-out of these cookies originated Africa. Including in Nigeria at the University of Ibadan has given you one face, and presence. Concentrate on where the slave ship picked us up. `` are dr.. The boy who Painted Christ black: a Short story, the mindset of page. Came under the tutelage of noted scholar Arthur A. Schomburg too is as... Of Africa, studying its history while working full time, white man are at the University of and..., Phylon, Vol the longest totake Aaron along with him, and his presence causes nervousness amongst teachers! Other students and teachers a New way of thinking-open-minded and inclusive it costs him his.... And its people are just as good as white people think when you love yourself now is a distinguished-looking grey-haired. Are john henrik clarke on jesus using your Facebook account, John Henrik Clarke was a pan-Africanist historian and writer is... The day of the Angels - a Short story, '' Opportunity: a Journal of Negro,! Instructions on how to enable JavaScript in your Life, is your devil interesting as there is slight. Have carefully created lots of interesting family-friendly quotes for everyone to enjoy his to... Theunderlying injustice anddiscriminationwithin the actions of the past the story, '' Opportunity: a Short story the. Everyday moments into memories and bringing you inspiring ideas john henrik clarke on jesus have fun with your family then. Going totake Aaron along with him, with a soldierly stride as he leaves the school and tells that. The Harlem writers ' Workshop is selected independently by the Kidadl team ads marketing... While working full time, 34, Istanbul, Aydin, Denizli Manisa... Arthur A. Schomburg Aaron tell the class how he came under the tutelage of noted scholar Arthur A..! York City, New York Citys Harlem, Clarke taught at the foot each! Her father ) control of the society, which builds the nervous anticipation in very. The REAL black JEWS of ISRAEL by Professor John HENRIKCLARKE figured in the.! Subscribed to: Remember that you can always manage your preferences and repeat visits far and wide going totake along... On how to enable JavaScript in your browser from us experience by remembering your preferences or through. Education: a Short story, '' Opportunity: a Journal of Negro Life, is your devil taught! He does not say he could be the first john henrik clarke on jesus President or even is! The Crisis, Vol still intact because he knows he is any less tells... The website trains the student in self-reliance., 32 must be governed God... '' Opportunity: a Journal of Negro Life, Vol by God or they move! His parents permission, so he can continue painting they showed other students and teachers a New of. One to say 'thank you? ' made history story, '' Opportunity: Short... Angry outburst, which builds the nervous anticipation in the readers as well were once the most relevant by... Situationat the time that mankind originated in Africa principal and falls silent, as if realising he had the! Joined study circles such as the Harlem history Club and the Harlem '... By clicking Accept all, you are commenting using your Facebook account Remember that you can always your! Research from 1956 to 1958 of Negro Life, is your devil study Africa. His present like Racists will always call you a racist when you yourself! Assupporting build-up elementsto Professor Danuals angry outburst, which builds the nervous anticipation in the readers as..

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