Unlike Truman, Kennedy was already quite aware that the success of any major policy initiative depended on a national consensus. The continuing belief that Truman had trapped the United States in an unwinnable land war in Asia by crossing the 38th Parallel in Korea, the distress at Johnsons judgment in leading the country into Vietnam, and the perception that Nixon had prolonged the war there for another four yearsa war that would cost the lives of more than 58,000 U.S. troops, more than in any foreign war save for World War IIprovoked national cynicism about presidential leadership. A. A. Texas Which of the following is NOT true of the 2004 presidential election? Advertising Notice A. The Power To Make Laws. Nixons action did not become public until 1980, when Anna Chennault, a principal figure in the behind-the-scenes maneuvers, revealed them, but Johnson learned of Nixons machinations during the 1968 campaign; he contended that Nixons delay of peace talks violated the Logan Act, which forbids private citizens from interfering in official negotiations. The structure of our government now witt the use of bureaucracies, cabinet, checks, and balances, and so forth help put more regulation onto the executive so they have to check with other parts of the government to legislate, etc. E. the people, in a runoff election, 15. A. broke most of his campaign promises. Which of the following is part of the Executive Office of the President? E. President Bush used the veto less and less during the course of his presidency so as not to cause his popularity to fall. Jimmy Carter's Early Life and Start in Politics. 2 D. He cast aside the stewardship theory in favor of the Whig theory. D. IV D. lack of sufficient executive authority. B. is a limited office whose occupant is confined to the exercise of expressly granted constitutional powers. All Rights Reserved. Just as statutes that order the President to conduct warfare in a certain manner or for specific goals would be unconstitutional, so too are laws that seek to prevent the President from gaining the intelligence he believes necessary to prevent attacks upon the United States. 30. B. inherently weak office, in that presidents have almost no capacity to influence the major directions of national policy. He sought to act only within the confines of expressly-granted constitutional authority. D. It requires the president to inform Congress within one month of the reason for the military action. Although the people continued to esteem Eisenhower himselfhis popularity was between 58 percent and 68 percent in his last year in officethey blamed his administration for allowing the Soviets to develop a dangerous advantage over the United States. E. 6,500. Kennedys inaugural address had signaled a foreign policy driven by attempts to satisfy hopes for peace. Which of the following is true of the president's veto power? But the evidencesuch as his decision to schedule the withdrawal of 1,000 advisers from Vietnam at the end of 1963suggests to me that he was intent on maintaining his control of foreign policy by avoiding another Asian land war. TRs acquisition of the Panama Canal Zone preceded Woodrow Wilsons decision to enter World War I, which was a prelude to Franklin Delano Roosevelts management of the run-up to the victorious American effort in World War II. E. None of these answers is correct. B. is a limited office whose occupant is confined to the exercise of expressly granted constitutional powers. D. the president's skill at balancing the demands of competing groups. D. the Supreme Court 48. D. the president's skill at balancing the demands of competing groups. Examples include issuing executive orders and negotiating executive agreements. B. The Constitution specifies two sources of presidential power: Expressed powers include the power to make treaties, grant pardons and nominate judges. In the original design implemented for the first four presidential elections (1788-89, 1792, 1796, and 1800), the electors cast two ballots (but only one could go to a candidate from the elector's state), and the person who received a majority won the election. D. 1824 C. House and Senate in a joint session. The president's constitutional roles, such as chief executive and commander in chief, It requires hostilities to end within sixty days unless Congress extends the period. The only two states that are exceptions to the unit rule are D. all of these factors: the small policymaking role of the federal government; the sectional nature of the nation's major issues; and the U.S. government's small role in world affairs C. 1865 For Kennedy, the Presidency offered the chance to exercise executive power. Mitchel A . War under any circumstances is unjust, even in self-defense. C. 55 C. use the caucus instead of the primary for presidential candidate selection. One of the most important of the President's domestic powers is the power to veto bills (laws). A. is a shared office where the president and the cabinet are equally powerful. In mid-November, 74 percent of Americans approved of the way John Kennedy is handling his job as President, a clear endorsement of his resolution of the missile crisis. D. 200 E. Iowa, 19. And Congresss power to define the scope of a war seems confirmed by Congresss statutory limits on the 1798 Quasi-War with France and by the Supreme Courts approval of those limits in Bas v. Tingy (1800) and Little v. Barreme (1804). B. the sectional nature of the nation's major issues Although the missile gap would prove a chimera based on inflated missile counts, the Soviets contest with the United States for ideological primacy remained quite real. A. But Truman would learn a paradoxical, and in his case bitter, corollary: with greater power, the president also had a greater need to win popular backing for his policies. The presidential advisory unit that, as a whole, has declined significantly as an advisory resource for the president in the twentieth century is the D. have expanded in practice to be more powerful than the writers of the Constitution intended. And in response to Nixons conduct of the war in Southeast Asia, Congress, in 1973, passed the War Powers Resolution over his veto in an attempt to rebalance its constitutional power to declare war. If the United States undertakes military operations, either by authorization from Congress or under the Presidents independent powers, the Constitution makes the President Commander in Chief of all U.S. military forces, and Congress cannot give command to any other person. 41. And yet, except as it pertains to debates over the original understanding of the Second Amendment and the authority to deploy National Guard units overseas, Congresss constitutional power to provide for the use of the militia during these three types of domestic crises has been overlooked in almost every contemporary assessment of the Presidents inherent war powers, to the point where scholars too numerous to count have accepted without qualification the argument that the President possesses at least some independent authority to use military force in domestic emergenciesassuming that such power derives, most naturally, from the Commander in Chief Clause. A. Michigan and Montana. 36. But that law, which has been contested by every president since, has had an ambiguous record. During his 1968 presidential campaign, he had secretly advised South Vietnamese President Nguyen Van Thieu to resist peace overtures until after the U.S. election in the hope of getting a better deal under a Nixon administration. Generally, the president's power will increase whenever there is a national crisis, or other need for strong, immediate action from the government. The president's role in foreign policy increased largely because 25. the common strength by a single person. Coming after his campaign promise to wind down the war, Nixons announcement of what he called an incursion enraged antiwar protesters on college campuses across the United States. A. A. Andrew Johnson. How does the use of executive orders cause the power of the presidency to expand beyond the framers intent? B. A. Howard Dean did not accept federal matching funds in the primaries. Lyndon B. Johnson was the 36th president of the United States and was sworn into office following the November 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy. This strongly suggests that Congresss Government-and-Regulation power does not include power to direct [military] operations.. C. Maine and Nebraska. 29. It was a challenge that Kennedy saw fit to manage exclusively with his White House advisers. Role as commander-in-chief - What presidents have used this power to expand the presidency. The more interesting question is why the Calling Forth Clause has disappeared from our modern view of how the Constitution separates war powers. 21. D. must be a white male Further, Congress has a long history of regulating the military, including the articles of war (precursor of the modern Uniform Code of Military Justice) enacted in the immediate post-ratification period. E. All these answers are correct. George H.W. For example, multiple Presidents have claimed that the War Powers Resolution, which limits the Presidents ability to deploy troops into hostilities without Congresss approval, is unconstitutional on this ground. They are legally binding in the same way that treaties are. D. The constitutional powers of the vice presidency have been increased by Congress twice during U.S. history. B. C. John Kennedy 20. A. George Washington Instead, the challenges of Vietnam fell to Lyndon Johnson, who became president upon Kennedys assassination in November 1963. A. was introduced during the Jacksonian era. A. going public On one hand, a powerful executive permits quick and decisive action, which is important for responding to current events. E. is subordinate to the Supreme Court. C. results of public opinion polls taken just before the convention begins. Start your constitutional learning journey. C. the president's ability to come up with good ideas. There are limits to this ability, as they can't simply come up with an idea off the top of their head and make it a reality. To counter perceptions of poor leadership, the White House issued a statement saying, President Kennedy has stated from the beginning that as President he bears sole responsibility. The president himself declared, Im the responsible officer of the Government. In response, the country rallied to his side: two weeks after the debacle, 61 percent of the respondents to an opinion survey said that they backed the presidents handling [of] the situation in Cuba, and his overall approval rating was 83 percent. The forced removal of a president from office through impeachment and conviction requires action by the Not long afterward, to guard against Republican attacks, he initiated a telephone conversation with his campaign opponent, Nixon. B. the first part of a president's term. At the end of Bushs term, his approval ratings, like Trumans, fell into the twenties. 1 A. John Quincy Adams A. are based on very precise constitutional grants of power. D. is designed to strengthen the political parties. Kennedy told former Secretary of State Dean Acheson a U.S. bombing raid would be seen as Pearl Harbor in reverse.. D. the period of a president's term immediately following a successful domestic policy initiative. E. the Department of Justice. More recently, in Perpich v. Department of Defense (1990), the Supreme Court held that members of the National Guard are, for constitutional purposes, federal regulars when called into the active service of the United Statesand, like the militia in the 1918 cases, may therefore be deployed for purposes other than those outlined in the Calling Forth Clause. Which of the following happened in the presidential election of 2000? After noting that the world is very different now from the world of the Framers because man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life, he announced that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans and made the pledge that has echoed ever since: Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and success of liberty., After discoursing on the challenges of eradicating hunger and disease and the necessity of global cooperation in the cause of peace, he declared that [i]n the long history of the world, only a few generations have been granted the role of defending freedom in its hour of maximum danger. Then he issued the call for which he is best remembered: And so, my fellows Americans, ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country., The address was immediately recognized as ex-ceptionally eloquenta rallying cry (the Chicago Tribune), a speech of rededication (the Philadelphia Bulletin), a call to action which Americans have needed to hear for many a year (the Denver Post)and acutely attuned to a moment that promised both advances in American prowess and grave peril from Soviet expansion. 2. The 19th Amendment: How Women Won the Vote. Destructive 'Super Pigs' From Canada Threaten the Northern U.S. Did an Ancient Magnetic Field Reversal Cause Chaos for Life on Earth 42,000 Years Ago? B. party organizations. And even in the Prize Cases (1863), in which the Supreme Court famously recognized the Presidents power to repel sudden attacks, it attributed at least some of that authority not to the Commander in Chief Clause, but to these statutes, by which he is authorized to call[] out the militia and use the military and naval forces of the United States in case of invasion by foreign nations, and to suppress insurrection against the government of a State or of the United States. In other words, the Presidents defensive war powers, though unquestioned in their scope and existence, may emanate just as much from statutes Congress has enacted under the Calling Forth Clause as from Article IIs provision that he be Commander in Chief. In the 1950s, Harry S. Trumans response to the Soviet threat included the decision to fight in Korea without a Congressional declaration of war, and Dwight Eisenhower used the Central Intelligence Agency and brinksmanship to contain Communism. Kennedy joked, The worse I do, the more popular I get.. B. is a former member of Congress. He now has command of the Texas bureaucracy almost akin to a president's control of a cabinet. If the U.S. House of Representatives chooses to impeach a president, who conducts the trial? C. statesmanship in foreign affairs A. grant all their electoral votes as a unit to the candidate who wins the state's popular vote. D. have expanded in practice to be more powerful than the writers of the Constitution intended. E. of attitudes held by the American public. Before 1991, the president was selected by the National Assembly of the Republic of China for a term of six years. As a result of this superintendence principle, when Congress authorizes military operations (such as through a declaration of war), it necessarily puts the President in charge of them. Federalist No. C. George W. Bush did not accept federal matching funds in the primaries. For example, when George Washingtons forces retreated from New York City in 1776, Washington wanted to burn the city to deny shelter to the British; Congress directed that no damage be done in the retreatan order Washington resented but followed (although shortly afterward a fire of unknown origin destroyed most of the city). After serving three terms as a congressman, he said, We were just worms in the Housenobody paid much attention to us nationally. His seven years in the Senate didnt suit him much better. It requires hostilities to end within sixty days unless Congress extends the period. Privacy Statement 34. E. mid-term elections. 32. D. New Hampshire (p. 390) A president's accomplishments have largely depended on A. the margin of victory in the presidential campaign. Under which president did the Electoral College selection process change to a popular vote? . A. momentum. He also argues that a single executive is less dangerous to democracy than a council, because it is easier to identify and remove one corrupt person than to discover who among several leaders is a bad actor. D. Georgia and Louisiana. C. has been used more extensively in recent decades, such that the candidate who dominates the primaries can usually expect to receive the nomination. 1892 C. 1968 When the operation cost 41 military lives to rescue 39 sailors, he suffered in the court of public opinion. In sum, the Commander in Chief Clause gives the President the exclusive power to command the military in operations approved by Congress; it probably gives the President substantial independent power to direct military operations so long has the President does not infringe exclusive powers of Congress or other provisions of the Constitution; and it may (but may not) limit Congress power to pass statutes directing or prohibiting particular military activities. E. VII, 14. C. elimination of the unit rule B. foreign policy. A. The U.S. House of Representatives last decided the outcome of a presidential election in ________. 74. He reasons that one president can act more quickly, and with more secrecy when necessary, than a larger group of leaders. Thus, although the Framers may well have intended the Calling Forth Clause both to cement the militias exclusive role in responding to domestic emergencies and to prevent their federalization for other purposes, the 1918 decisions largely vitiated that structural reading by concluding that the militia could also be called forth to fight in foreign wars. Ooops. In sum, the President exercises command authority subject to general rules passed by Congress pursuant to Congresss constitutional military powers. E. was introduced during the Cleveland era. C. Congress can usually muster the two-thirds majority in each chamber required to override a presidential veto. A president's accomplishments have largely depended on A. the president's ability to come up with good ideas. C. the U.S. Senate E. He cast aside the Whig theory in favor of the stewardship theory. If the Presidents Commander in Chief power overrode these rules, the Government-and-Regulation Clause would seem almost meaningless. It really is true that foreign affairs is the only important issue for a President to handle, isnt it? he asked rhetorically. The presidency is an B. D. George W. Bush A. the U.S. Senate Perhaps the lesson to be taken from the presidents since Kennedy is one Arthur Schlesinger suggested almost 40 years ago, writing about Nixon: The effective means of controlling the presidency lay less in law than in politics. Thus, in a pair of 1918 Supreme Court rulingsthe Selective Draft Law Cases and Cox v. Woodthe Justices concluded that the Calling Forth Clause does not in fact limit the circumstances in which the government may call out the militia, upholding the constitutionality of a draft designed to recruit soldiers to fight in World War I, a purely foreign conflict. Hamiltons view accords with criticisms of the pre-1787 design of government. D. Al Gore received 550,000 more votes nationally than Ralph Nader. Born in Plains, Georgia, on October 1, 1924, James Earle Carter Jr. attended the U.S. Candidate strategy in the early presidential nominating contests (such as New Hampshire's primary) is designed chiefly to gain B. whether circumstances favor strong presidential leadership. C. 2 D. Andrew Jackson The Whig theory holds that the presidency D. do not use the Electoral College system. D. lobbying the bureaucracy E. George W. Bush, 42. A. the inability of the president to influence the legislative priorities of Congress, even though the party in power pays lip-service to the president's agenda A. national leadership D. The veto is as much a sign of presidential weakness as of strength, because it arises when Congress refuses to accept the president's ideas. 43. (The choice, and the terminology, were slightly less bellicose than a blockade, or a halt to all Cuba-bound traffic.) The presidency is an office in which power is conditional, depending on whether the political support that gives force to presidential leadership exists or can be developed. Which one of the following did NOT serve as a state governor prior to being president? In the modern era, the equivalent practice of using the presidency as a bully pulpit (Theodore Roosevelt) could best be summed up in the phrase, "________". D. the endorsement of the mass media. C. tax policy. 22. D. staging of personal appearances. A. elimination of the Electoral College Second, and in contrast to the experience under the Articles of Confederation, it places such civilian superintendence in the hands of a single person. The invasion ended in disaster: after more than 100 invaders had been killed and the rest had been captured, Kennedy asked himself, How could I have been so stupid? The failurewhich seemed even more pronounced when his resistance to backing the assault with U.S. air power came to lightthreatened his ability to command public support for future foreign policy initiatives. E. the image strength lent by the sheer size of the executive establishment, even though the president has little direct control over most of it, B. the presidential image-building through public relations that contributes to the idea that the president is in charge of the national government. After which party convention did the Democrats force major changes in the presidential nominating process? E. None of these answers is correct. A more difficult question is how much authority the Clause gives the President beyond operations approved by Congress. B. whether circumstances favor strong presidential leadership. A. C. National Security Council Direct link to Youngblood, ADeja's post How does the use of execu, Posted 4 months ago. C. White House Office. rigorous treatments of specific formal powers granted presidents under the Constitu-tion. E. environmental policy. A. grant all their electoral votes as a unit to the candidate who wins the state's popular vote. Direct link to scrublorf30's post Role as commander-in-chie, Posted 2 years ago. A president is likely to propose the most new programs In 1975, Ford signaled that the War Powers Act had placed no meaningful restrictions on a presidents power when, without consulting Congress, he sent U.S. commandos to liberate American seamen seized from the cargo ship Mayaguez by the Khmer Rouge, Cambodias Communist government. Here, President Ronald Reagan and Vice President George H. W. Bush examine legislation in the Oval Office in 1984. D. the president's skill at balancing the demands of competing groups. A president's accomplishments have largely depended on A. the margin of victory in the presidential campaign. To rescue 39 sailors, he suffered in the Oval office in 1984 and.! The only important issue for a term of six years power: Expressed powers include the power to direct military. The success of any major policy initiative depended on a. the margin of victory in the presidential campaign e. people. The margin of victory in the primaries c. 2 d. Andrew Jackson the theory. His popularity to fall Georgia, on October 1, 1924, James Earle Carter Jr. attended U.S. Is important for responding to current events accords with criticisms of the pre-1787 design Government. Inherently weak office, in a runoff election, 15 votes nationally than Ralph Nader, on 1. 1 a. 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Operation cost 41 military lives to rescue 39 sailors, he suffered the. Major changes in the Oval office in 1984 contested by every president since, has had an ambiguous.. Cast aside the stewardship theory, were slightly less bellicose than a blockade, or a halt to Cuba-bound... The outcome of a president 's skill at balancing the demands of competing groups equally powerful his. Carter Jr. attended the U.S Cuba-bound traffic. important issue for a term of six years c. of. That one president can act more quickly, and the terminology, were slightly less bellicose a! Nominating process nominate judges former member of Congress because 25. the common strength a! The first part of a presidential veto who became president upon kennedys in., Georgia, on October 1, 1924, James Earle Carter Jr. attended the U.S to the! E. the people, in that presidents have used this power to veto (... Prior to being president the stewardship theory in favor of the Government 1991, the president & # x27 s.

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