It imported large quantities of Islamic pottery and, in the 9th and 10th centuries, Chinese porcelain. Most of the smaller islands are independent nations, or associated with France, and known as luxury beach resorts . The unique geography and apparent suitability for farming made East Africa a target for European exploration, exploitation and colonialization in the nineteenth century. Copy. Established 1991, BEST SAFARI PRICES Rising demand and weak enforcement have led to a higher incidence of elephant poaching and increasing ivory markets. Today at the Bab-el-Mandeb straits, the Red Sea is about 12 miles (20 kilometres) wide, but 50,000 years ago it was much narrower and sea levels were 70 meters lower. Starting in the 1850s, the small protectorate of Djibouti became French Somaliland in 1897. "The Egypto-Graeco-Romans and Paanchea/Azania: sailing in the Erythraean Sea." Various bodies of water surround Africa the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the east and southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west and in these waters, you will find an array of dazzling lifeforms, from the smallest nudibranch to the impressive schools of fish that move through the water like a flock of red-billed queleas on the African plains. 10. Portugal had first established a strong presence in southern Mozambique and the Indian Ocean since the 15th century, while during this period their possessions increasingly grew including parts from the present northern Mozambique country, up to Mombasa in present-day Kenya. Within this region, WWF works in Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique and the western part of the Indian Ocean. The equator runs through Africa, from Gabon in the west to Somalia in the east, and nearly splits the continent into two equal parts. These city-states built connections to the rest of the world while maintaining cultural, political, and economic connections with each other. This is usually attributed to the passage of the Intertropical Convergence Zone across the region in those months, but it may also be analogous to the autumn monsoon rains of parts of Sri Lanka, Vietnam, and the Brazilian Nordeste. Author of. . 100 km wide), swift (up to 3 m/s) and deep (2 km). They are filter feeders by their specialised gills. There appears also to have been a rather extensive trade with the island of Madagascar. Eastern Africa had an estimated population of 260 million in 2000. The state also established its hegemony over the declining Kingdom of Kush and regularly entered the politics of the kingdoms on the Arabian peninsula, eventually extending its rule over the region with the conquest of the Himyarite Kingdom. The Portuguese were the first Europeans to explore the region of current-day Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique by sea. Overfishing, coastal development, pollution, the unknown consequences of climate change, and more immediate effects of shark finning and manta ray poaching are some of the most threatening concerns. Lake Niassa is located in Mozambique and shares borders with Malawi and Tanzania. Portuguese trading stations in East Africa and the Slave trade. Local communities need the ability to protect their resources against illegal activities. Between 2500 and 3000 years ago, Bantu-speaking peoples began a millennia-long series of migrations eastward from their homeland around southern Cameroon. In the African Great Lakes region, Niger-Congo languages of the Bantu branch are most widely spoken. HOW TO GET THE MOST OUT OF AFRICA GEOGRAPHIC: We're the Africa Geographic editorial team a diverse set of writers, editors, designers and social media natives, all united by our passion for this addictive continent. In 2011 with WWFs support, the government of Mozambique officially created the Lake Niassa Reserve. Marine Turtle, African elephant, Black rhino, White rhino, Great white shark, Dugong, Whale shark, In response to Covid-19, a new partnership will boost the devastated nature-based tourism industry in Africa, Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing. Weather extremes also severely threaten the regions traditional livelihoods of farming and fishing. [74] In Ethiopia, there is an estimated population of 102million as of 2016.[75]. These voyages of discovery by the Chinese to the African Red Sea coast, East Africa and its Indian Ocean islands, required sea-worthy vessels. An ever-growing population dependent on timber and fuel wood continues to put pressure on this dwindling natural resource. [25][26], According to the theory of the recent African origin of modern humans, the predominantly held belief among most archaeologists, East Africa in the area of the African Great Lakes is where anatomically modern humans first appeared. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. The ethnic fabric in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda is much more fragmented, with many smaller peoples intermingled or occupying discrete territories. The Agulhas Current(/ls/) is the western boundary currentof the southwest Indian Ocean. A humpback whale breaches in the waters by Nosy Boraha Island (le Sainte-Marie), Madagascar Gudkov Andrey (Photographer of the Year 2018 Top 101), ? [69] Madagascar became part of the French colonial empire following two military campaigns against the Kingdom of Madagascar, which it initiated after persuading Britain to relinquish its interests in the island in exchange for control of Zanzibar off the coast of Tanganyika, an important island hub of the spices trade. The three main colors of the African country were beige, red, and blue. [46] It existed from approximately 100940 CE, growing from the proto-Aksumite Iron Age period c. 4th century BCE to achieve prominence by the 1st century CE. Carefully selected conservation projects one-stop, seamless, transparent donations APP subscribers only. Fast as they are, I doubt this shark was quick enough to outrun the storm. ~ Adam Mitchell, ? For all its richness, the region also has some of the highest rates of people living below the poverty line on the planet. Ibo Island, one of 27 small islands in the Quirimbas Archipelago. The region has endured the following post-colonial conflicts: Kenya has enjoyed relatively stable governance. WWFs goal is to have over 31 million acres of land in Tanzania managed in this way, which will help wildlife migration outside of protected areas. We also provide tools to reduce conflict with wildlife. Logging also opens up previously inaccessible forests to poachers and illegal wildlife traders. WWF and partners have helped fishermen create a sustainable oyster harvesting system, resulting in increased profits and yield. Rainfall variability is influenced by both El Nio events and a positive Indian Ocean Dipole. Among these languages are Kikuyu, Luhya, Kinyarwanda, Kirundi, Kisukuma, Luganda and many others. The East Africa coast supports rich wildlife populations of which 60-70% are found only in the Indo-Pacific and 15% are found nowhere else in the world. WWF continues to support law enforcement and promote awareness of illegal wildlife trade. Increased numbers of fish in the sanctuary areas benefit local fishermen who catch more fish in the surrounding areas, and have fueled a profitable tourism industry. Click the image for a larger view. Elephants, rhinos, lions, wild dogs, and more iconic species roam the landscape. A whale shark swims with a diver off the coast of East Africa. WWF works with farmers to develop climate smart solutions that conserve natural resources and protect wildlife habitats, while improving local food security and incomes. The Omani Arabs posed the most direct challenge to Portuguese influence in the African Great Lakes region.By this time, the Portuguese Empire had already lost its interest on the spice trade sea route due to the decreasing profitability of that business. Its here, in the deep, pelagic waters, where blue sharks (Prionace glauca) call it home. By the 5th/11th century the Indian Ocean trade had shifted to the ports at the head of the Persian Gulf, in particular K and Hormoz (Ricks, pp. The amount of water being transported by the Agulhas . Both the Tigray and the Amhara, another Semitic-speaking group, dominate northwestern Ethiopia. Lake Niassa is an important source of freshwater, home to over 1000 fish species and critical to the livelihoods of the people of Mozambique. The water temperature right now is at least 32F and at most 85F. The team of the East African Marine Transect is on a journey to explore the coral reefs of East Africa and get an understanding of their current health and status. This current is generated because of upwelling of cold water near the west coast of Africa. The East African Islands are in the Indian Ocean off the eastern coast of Africa. It flows south along the east coast of Africafrom 27S to 40S. Lionel Casson. These campaigns have led to arrests of poachers and seizures of weapons and illegal wildlife items, including ivory and rhino horn. The southern three-fourths of Somalia became an Italian protectorate (Italian Somaliland). Generally the Eastern Hemisphere includes most of Africa, about half of Antarctica, all of Asia and Australia/Oceania, and most of Europe. By 2050, there could be more plastic than fish in the seas by weight, according to one estimate. Dhows were used in the nineteenth century to carry slaves from the East African coast to various islands in the Zanzibar archipelago. Elephants have learned that raiding farmers fields can provide them with tasty treatsleaving little for the farmer and his family. We work with famers to improve soil fertility, resulting in greater yield on less land. Please select which sections you would like to print: Smuts Professor of Commonwealth History, University of Cambridge. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. It spans 11,430 square miles (Mozambiques portion is 2,470 square miles), is the eighth largest fresh water lake in the world and second deepest in Africa. [42] Lowland barriers and diseases carried by the tsetse fly, however, prevented the donkey and agriculture from spreading southwards. After traditional land routes to India had been closed by the Ottoman Turks, Portugal hoped to use the sea route pioneered by da Gama to break the once Venetian trading monopoly. Eastern Africa consists largely of plateaus and has most of the highest elevations in the continent. 2023 World Wildlife Fund. Chapter 8: "The Cinnamon Route". The wildlife of East Africa is quite extraordinary, and a cruise can be easily combined with a Kenyan or Tanzanian safari. Because exploitation of turtles is often driven by a lack of economic choices, WWF works to develop alternative livelihoods so that local people are no longer dependent on turtle products for income. This warm current is also pushed westward by the cold Canary current. Between the 19th and 20th century, East Africa became a theatre of competition between the major imperialistic European nations of the time. sapiens, representative of the earliest Homo sapiens, and suggested that Homo sapiens arose between 350,000 and 260,000 years ago through a merging of populations in South and East Africa. Linguistic evidence also indicates that Bantus most likely borrowed the custom of milking cattle directly from Cushitic peoples in the area. Though the majority of its houses were of wattle and daub, there were also some of stone. Just off the coast of Kenya, it's a peaceful island, free of cars and surrounded by the Indian Ocean. History buffs should spend some time in Lamu Town, which is full of old Swahili architecture, with buildings made of mangrove timber and coral stone, and huge, carved wooden doors. By the late nineteenth century, the slave trade on the open seas had been completely outlawed by the British and the Omani Arabs had little ability to resist the British navy's ability to enforce the directive. Through our involvement in the creation of local fishing associations, fishermen are recruited to monitor bycatch of turtles and dugongs and provide us with important data on population trends. The Indian Ocean has cast up a wealth of literature that merges fact and fiction, the most familiar to us being The Seven Voyages of Sindbad as passed down in the The Arabian Nights. The waters of the Western Indian Ocean also support globally important shrimp and tuna industries. We work on sustainable use of natural resources, such as certified timber or fisheries, which also creates incentives for conservation. East Coast ports have been undertaking more and more investments in recent years. This has led to major pollution and overfishing. NEW YORK -- News that Tanzania will revive a $10 billion port project in the town of Bagamoyo has ignited speculation that . Elephants and other wildlife require freedom to roam in search of food and freshwater. Some of the island's historical buildings could be seen from the ocean, especially the House of . [76][77][78], South Sudan peacefully seceded from the Sudan in 2011, six and a half years after a peace agreement ended the Second Sudanese Civil War. Today's crossword puzzle clue is a general knowledge one: Republic in East Africa, on the Indian Ocean. Updates? Illegal small-mesh seine net fishing in Tanzania. By 1896, the war had become a total disaster for the Italians and Ethiopia was able to retain its independence. Here are the possible solutions for "Republic in East Africa, on the Indian Ocean" clue. To provide further sources of incomeand also serve as markers for property boundariesWWF helped incorporate citrus trees. Along the coasts, you can find dugongs, whale sharks, dolphins, whales, and five species of marine turtles. Apparently established in the 9th century, it is distinguished for its seawalls of coral blocks, each of which weighs up to a ton. Reports show that eight million tons of plastic enter the oceans every year. Safaris, discussions & donations that make a real difference in Africa. And deep ( 2 km ) one: Republic in East Africa is quite,., and a cruise can be easily combined with a diver off eastern. 10Th centuries, Chinese porcelain Niassa Reserve, I doubt this shark was quick enough outrun! 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